I can't believe that this was once a syllabus Assignment

I can't believe that this was once a syllabus - Assignment Example This particular curriculum design intended to evaluate the performance effectiveness in the educational system of America. Through his book, Ralph emphasized on the purpose of education in the life of children. Ralph focused on the factors such as what are the interests of the child, the problems he encountered in obtaining education through the traditional curriculum and the purpose of his study. Also to make the education system better, no particular source of information is adequate to provide a basis of wise and comprehensive decision. As Ralph suggested in his book, education system should be so formed that it would help to change the behavior of the people in the most righteous way. The feeling and thinking skills of the people influenced by the content derived from education was the key point highlighted in Ralph W Tyler’s principle. His basic principle was to understand learning of education and its effectiveness in the behavior of the people throughout the life (Tyler , 2013). Evaluation of Tyler’s Curriculum Tyler’s curriculum came into existence during his eight year study. The concentration point of the study was to understand whether students were actually getting educated through the learning delivered in the classes. While Ralph was working on his eight year study, he went to the Ohio State where the faculty wanted him to test the knowledge of the students. The instructor would give emphasis on taking tests, but Ralph suggested that tests would quantify the memorizing power of the student and not their understanding on the subject matter, which certainly became a major turning point in today’s contemporary education process. Ralph coined the term â€Å"Evaluation† to investigate the real leanings of the students through the education system (Tyler, 2013). The evaluation was to understand the effectiveness of education and learning on the people’s behavioral characteristics and their life in future. The une mployment rate in the organization was increasing due to the lack of learning in the specific subject matter. The curriculum theory of Ralph dealt with the real sense of understanding of education. The theory emphasized not on the dull sensing of meaning of the subject matter but focused on the inner meaning, emotions and continuous exploration of the study in the life of the student (Tyler, 2013). The curriculum theory also gave emphasis to few principles, which were required to be followed for a better education system. The principle of the curriculum was to explore the knowledge of the learning, the interest of the students in the given subject and most importantly, the purpose the child has in his mind regarding the study. It was observed through his curriculum theory that every student had different interests and hence, 30 schools were developed to try the new education system suggested by Ralph. The evaluation of students, were further suggested by Ralph, to be done by the rec ords of the performance of the students throughout. Appraisal system would be introduced every year to check the knowledge and to understand whether they are learning the expected skills, which would help them in future. The theory also stated that the evaluation of the people after completion of studies, which meant how the people are dealing in the real

The teaching profession :: essays research papers

Being a Teacher Although teaching, from the outside looking in, appears simpler than it actually is, there are many challenges a teacher faces throughout his or her career. Despite these difficulties, there are also many rewards. As I consider this field for my future career, I will discover some of the most important aspects, such as the beginnings of teaching, how the profession has evolved and where teaching is headed in the future. Also it is important to note the availability of jobs and education you must acquire before becoming a certified teacher. Since the beginning of time, teachers have covered the earth. In the earlier years, informal teachers, parents, who taught their children about the world. The early mothers and fathers also taught their children how to survive, a means of getting food, and which pathways to avoid. Of course, informal teachers to this day, aren't paid anything but are only awarded the satisfaction of raising a human being. Next in the order of educational institutions came the one room school house. Teachers of 1872 were required to complete certain tasks before the day's session. The teacher, after arriving in the morning, was required to fill lamps and clean the chimney, in addition to building a fire. Their duties weren't terribly taxing. However the limitation that were put on their social life seem a bit unusual, compared to today's standards. For instance, a male teacher could devote one night a week to courting a lady, two if he attended church regularly. Wemen who got married or "engaged in unseemly conduct" were dismissed. After the teacher spent ten hours on studies, they were required to read the Bible or other good books. Teachers were required to set aside large amounts of their pay so that after they retired, the wouldn't become a "burden on society." Teachers were never allowed to drink, smoke, go to pools, public halls, or revceive a shave in barber shop. If the teachers abided by all these outrageous rules, they were eligible for a .25 cents, a week raise, with the approval of the Board of Education. (www.columiagorge.com) One such case was that of Marilyn Callen, born in Nebraska, who always knew she wanted to be an educator. After two years of college, she began teaching at the local two room school house in the country. Her first year was 1937. Marilyn was only 25 when she began. She taught grades

Pampers

The founders was James Gamble, a soap maker and William Procter, a candle maker and in Cincinnati in 1837. It is the producer of various everyday household goods. It is a key market leader within the consumer 140 countries, produces over 300 brands and has loyal customers worldwide. Company three business units: beauty (33%), health and well-being (21%), household care (46%). P&G delivers its goods to drug stores, mass merchandisers, membership club stores and grocery stores. Pampers† this is one of the most famous revolutionary products of the Procter and Gamble, founded by Victor Mills. Pampers was especially build to meet the mothers need in innovative product on the market which will lighten the wash of the cloth papers and also leakage of them. This product came in the late sass's. Procter & Gambles development of the diaper changed the diapering habits of consumers worldwide. Consumers moved from purchasing the cloth diapers to disposable diaper, which is better to childr en's skin, convenient to store, and has a good price comparing with cloth diapers.The company's specialists developed an exceptional three-piece construction to take up the wetness, allocate it consistently and transmit fluid to the leaky core without passing it recessively to the skin. Procter and Gamble revived more than Just convenience ease and comfort for consumers. Pampers brought health benefits to babies who use Pampers. Clinical studies have shown that children who use Pampers have drier skin, and less frequent and less severe diaper skin complaint than those who use cloth diapers.P diapers are now distributed to more than 80 countries worldwide, with this representing a major contributor to Procter and Gamble world profits. (P, n. D. ) 1. 2 Core customer issues The disposable diapers market is a very profitable. In ELK, there are about seven endured and fifty thousand births for each year and the diapers are usually worn for three years. It is represents a relatively short customer lifetime for Pampers. The arrival of the Huggins challenges Pampers' dominance of the traditional disposable diaper market in 1991.Huggins had earned 17% of the market by 1997 and it is reaching 30% in year 2000. Huggins continued to take share through a combination of competitive pricing and product innovation. One of the strengths of Huggins was promoted aggressively using their Mother and Baby Club and television. Huggins loud be the market leader in the fall of 2001 which is showed in growth pattern projections. Many mothers think that Huggins was the leader of market. When they interviewed, there was many discussion about latest news of Huggins.It reflects the growing strength of the Huggins brand. Trend analysis and consumer research found that there are two key trends affecting Pampers' impact on the marketplace. The most up-to-date information from friends, the Internet or print replaces the way of UK mums in the way of making decisions and traditional reliance on advice from health professionals and parents. Pampers are forced by the proliferation of information channels to find out a new way to reduce the background noise to reach potential customers. DIM, 2012) To build sales and maintain customer loyalty by rewarding the consumer for purchasing their products, the customer loyalty programs are introduced by Pampers which include free samples, sweepstakes, sales promotions of coupons and rewards. Pampers uses direct marketing strategies to maintain customer loyalty once a consumer becomes a Pampers member. The strategies include sending pamphlets and brochures with important information about each development stage as the nonusers child grows while promoting their products that fit each particular stage.While educating the consumer with valuable information pertaining to their growing child, Pampers is doing a great Job at promoting its products. Parents are offered the opportunity to share their baby's pictures with the whole social field by Pampers. It is showing marketers that being where your customers are the first step in toddling towards success in its â€Å"Love, Sleep and Play' campaign. It is launched in July 1 and runs until August 6 in year 2013. This campaign encourages moms and dads living in North America to upload pictures of their babies loving, playing and sleeping to the brand's Faceable page.Then, Pampers will display the selected images on Twitter, the online gallery pages and Faceable. The communication manager of North America for Pampers, Mary Woods says social is a natural environment for the brand's customers because it's where they already converse with other parents, as well as with the brand. She also says Pampers collected more than 20,000 photo submissions in less than three weeks of the campaign's launch. (Else Duper, 2013) 3. 0 Role of direct mail in relation to other channel . Direr mail Pampers direct mail package come with a variety of shapes and sizes, making it become one of the most flexible direct marketing media. An envelope, a brochure, a letter and a response device are included in a standard direct mail package. It is to motivate the recipient to open the standard direct mail package. The envelope must differentiate itself from other mail by its size, appearance and any copy that might be written on it regardless of the volume of mail a person receives. It provides the opportunity to directly address the interests and concerns of the recipient.The benefits of the detailed offer are usually clarified by the letter. Recipients are able to illustrate about the benefits of the offer from the brochure in letter. Illustrated brochures are used to sell services as well as products. The letter must include Response rates are generally higher when it is separated from the letter or brochure. Recipient can respond via telephone, toll-free numbers are always prominently displayed. The right timing, the right offer, the right person and the right format are fact ors in a successful direct marketing and it can be examined in direct mail.Mailers can run a test mailing to determine the response from a list before â€Å"rolling out,† or mailing the entire list by using computer technologies which can select a randomized name sample from any list. Direct mail provides the most cost-effective way of achieving the highest possible response in relation to the other direct marketing media. Telemarketing is much highest cost per response but it typically produces a higher response rate. 3. 2 Role of direct mail has changed since the arise of the Internet The role of direct mail has changed since the rise of the internet cause it slow, expensive and time consuming.There are new technologies which are CRY codes in nowadays. It allows a customer to be taken from the printed piece to a web location by using a mobile smart device equipped with a camera and an internet connection. The marketer benefits from the physical attributes of printed mail wh ile leveraging the power of online experiences for reinforcement of the message, persuasion, and better conversion with this technology. 3. 3 Role of TV (Interactive television) Pampers use interactive television (TV) as communication strategy.Through the internet, interactive television combines the emotive strength of TV advertising with the depth and personalization available. It is the preferred interactive device in the home for nowadays and in the future. When the viewers are registered to receive a newsletter, data will be captured. The newsletter can be emailed to personal computer or television. Chance to see themselves and their babies on TV in the baby gallery or in the video area talking about baby development issues: ‘real babies, real mums, real tips' are provided to parents.It also offers consumers the opportunity to sit a frequently asked questions area and to give feedback. 3. 4 Role of Internet Procter & Gambles Pampers are good consumers struggle to establis h and maintain differentiation from other disposable diaper brands percent. It is established to increase in a variety of ways, such as Pampers website (wry. Pampers. Com) basic product via an Internet site. Pampers Perks loyalty program which consumers have to collect points from Pampers diapers and wipes purchase and exchange them for the Sesame Street and Fisher-Price toys.Recently the customers are provided a chance to in a Chrysler minivan filled with diapers through Pampers Fantastic Sweepstakes. There is a convenient way to send a supply of Pampers such as Fisher-Price toy to a friend are provided in Pampers Gifts Packs. Pampers Parenting Institute provides advice from experts in child care, health and development through Parent Pages and it delivered by e-mail and customized to each stage of life from the third trimester through age four. The purpose of Pampers Parenting Institute as a public service campaign is to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome visible driv er.Pampers is the second most popular baby care sites on the web with hundred million unique visitors per month because of the Pampers Parenting Institute. According to Advertising Age, consumers visiting the Pampers website are 30% more likely to buy effective. It provide unified communications which integrates e-mail, data transmission, instant messaging, voice transmission and electronic conferencing services. Web conferencing with Live Meeting, Microsoft Live Communications Server functionality and content management with Sharpening is the other services that included.Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Office Sharpening Server support multiple users with meeting schedules, shared calendars and mailboxes and Sharpening lists. Through offering support for customers, Customer Relationship Marketing provides competitive advantage to organization on a continuous basis while focusing on every customer's wants and needs ensuring that these are satisfied in the best way (Hut and Sped, 2004 ). This strategy are successfully reduces the amount of cost that have to spend to seek new customers and gained the loyalty from customers (Hut and Sped, 2004).It shows the significance of managing the CRM and ensuring that all employees are well-equipped with knowledge of how to cope with any problems or complaints and how to treat customers that might happen from being involved directly with the customers (Taylor, 2007). Finally, Pampers has been successful in positioning its brand. They are consistent with their message and their consumers are well informed about their products. Pampers is successfully promoting its products while educating individuals about the developmental stages from newborns to toddlers.Of course, there is always room for improvements. Extending the product line to include bath products is one recommendation. Some examples could include Pampers shampoos, soaps, lotions, and oils. Pampers could promote their product by including coupons within or on their pa ckaging. This encourages customer loyalty by rewarding the consumer with extra savings. Maybe Pampers could come up with reward points by issuing membership cards and each time used they earn points that add up to Pamper dollars and then redeemed when purchasing any Pampers products.

Does God Exist Essay - 1145 Words

Proof Of The Exsistence of God Either God exists or He doesnt. There is no middle ground. Any attempt to remain neutral in relation to Gods existence is automatically synonymous with unbelief. The question for Gods existence is really important. Does God exist? Theology, cosmological, teleological and ontological arguments are all have ways to prove the existence of God. With all of these great arguments how can one deny that there is a God. There is a God and with these reasons I will prove that. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are two types of theology discussed in chapter nine of Kessler â€Å"Voices of Wisdom,† revealed and natural theology. Revealed theology comes from such sources as the Bible and according to St. Thomas Aquinas†¦show more content†¦Cosmological arguments were started at the time the questions of the universe were first asked. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The existence of motion to the existence of a first mover as the cause of movement, was argued by Aristotle. This first mover he called God. The reason for this was that nothing caused God to move yet God was responsible for the motion of all other things. Thisargument is based on presumptions in other cosmological arguments. The first was that something could not cause itself, second something cannot come from nothing, last there could not possibly be an infinite amount of cause and effects. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;St. Thomas’ view was of God is an infinite, all-good, all-knowing, all powerful, perfect being who created the universe and now has sole command over it. This view is known as theism. St. Thomas states that a first cause must be in order to have cause and effect now. For if we take away the first cause there would be no effect following there for the universe would have never been created which is impossible because we can prove the universe does exist. He also argues that there are things in the universe that have the possibility of existing and not existing, we have seen things that have existed and than destroyed, thus proving that there is the ability of being and not being. There was a time whenShow MoreRelatedDoes God Exist?1074 Words   |  5 PagesDoes God Exist ? 1. What role do arguments play in answering this question? I think arguments have played an important role in analyzing and understanding the depth of this question, for mankind. Although the question itself seems factual (either it does or it doesn t), yet no arguments have been able to answer this question conclusively, despite many debates going on for centuries. One possible reason for that inconclusiveness may lie in our intuition and the way, humans define God and existenceRead MoreDoes God Exist1417 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God exist? Does God exist? This seemingly simple question is in fact loaded with a myriad of twists and turns that scientists and theologians have debated for years without reaching an accepted conclusion. Part of the problem lies in the many definitions of God. Traditionally it is accepted that God is a supreme being, infallible, perfect, and existing outside of the material world of humanity. It is this definition that is generally used when debating Gods existence. There have been severalRead MoreDoes God Exist?1366 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween Jesus and his disciples before Jesus was betrayed by Judas Iscariot. The main philosophical question that arose to me when I saw this painting was if God exists. Depicted in the painting there is a higher being or God watching over Jesus and his disciples. There are many arguments and ideas for the existence of a higher being or God, some of the main ones are; Pascal’s Wager, the Ontological argument, the Cosmological argument, the Teleologic al argument, the Moral argument, and the argumentRead MoreDoes God Exist1483 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Exist The question of God’s existence has lingered in the mind of man since the dawn of religion. The simple fact that billions of people consider themselves to have some allegiance to a deity means that this question deserves to be seriously considered. In this paper I will argue for the sake that God does exist and the reasons why. I will include many of the arguments found in our philosophy book and those covered in class as well as other subjects such as human suffering and the reasonsRead MoreDoes God Exist?668 Words   |  3 Pagesculture has its God. Christianity and Islam have their own god; the Romans and Greeks had their Pantheon. A lot of people believe in god have thought that there is more to life the material world around us. It seems arises naturally the world over by believing in god. Does God exist? I believe in God is exists by the philosophical argument: ontological argument, the first cause argument, the argument form design, and the moral argument. Arguments relate to the existence of God are in differentRead MoreDoes God Exist?563 Words   |  2 PagesDoes God exist? There is no evidence that any god exist, so I assume that there isn’t one. I do not believe in a heaven or a hell! Although, I wonder where did we come from? Where will we end up after death? Will we rot underneath the soil? There are over twenty different religions with answers; some similar, some different but overall, majority of them are bias. Bias, because none of them are proven. In today’s society, we humans have adapted through evolutions by using our surroundings such likeRead MoreDoes God Exist? The Existence Of God?1876 Words   |  8 PagesDoes God Exist? The existence of God is a question that has troubled and plagued mankind since it began to consider logic. Is there a God? How can we be sure that God exists? Can you prove to me that He is real? Does His existence, or lack thereof, make a significant difference? These loaded questions strike at the heart of human existence. But the real question is, can we answer any of them? These questions are answered in the arguments of St. Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal and St. Anselm ofRead MoreDoes God Exist? Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesDoes God exist? The question of Gods existence is a perplexing one, the only evidence we have of God is what we are told from those who worship him, and unknowns can be debated logically if a higher being is in control. It has been written that in the beginning there was man and there was woman, and God put the two together to create a new race of beings. We are to assume then that God gave these beings a soul to distinguish them from other beings, for example, plants. The soul is often arguedRead MoreDoes God Really Exists? Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesDoes God Really Exists The idea of God has been one of the most debatable issues since the dawn of humanity and with it guided as well as deluded most lives in the pursuit for the truth. The impacts springing from the notion of God has from time memorial changed history, inspired more poetry and music including philosophy more than anything else, imagined or real. Peter Kreft once concluded that â€Å"The idea of God is either a fact, like sand, or a fantasy like Santa† (Lawhead, p. 334). Over the causeRead MoreDoes God Exist? Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesmany rational arguments for and against the existence of God. It is based on the views of some of the great philosophers and scientists of our world. I will show that there is no sufficient proof or comprehensive arguments for the existence of God. Some people search for eternal peace through the beliefs in God; but this is an impossible belief because of the chances, the plausibility, and because of science. ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS God generally refers to one supreme, holy, personal being,. The

The Gastronomy Analogy The Gastronomic Analogy Essay

3) The Gastronomic Analogy: Understanding ‘Taste’ in Gastronomy could be a way for understanding ‘Aesthetics’ in Architecture. This parallelism interpretation was firstly discussed in a lecture given by James Fergusson on 1862: â€Å"That if you wish to acquire a knowledge of the true principles of design in architecture you will do better to study the works of Soyer or Mrs. Glass than any or all the writers on architecture from Vitruvius to Pugin.† It is the parallelisms between mental taste and sensitive taste. The word Gastronomy was introduced in the French vocabulary at about 1800. Around that time, the appreciation of fine cooking spread in relation with the spreading of restaurants mainly at Paris. Gastronomy was then standardized over time, that standardization remained uncontested for two centuries (Colins, 1998.). This standardization was mainly to guaranty the public content of specific tastes. The Gastronomy resonated in architecture and in art, as â€Å"sensation must be subordinate to reason†. The relation between form and function is the main source of beauty. Beauty in architecture means functionalism and subordinate romantic association. 4) The Linguistic Analogy: The lingual analogy had a unique advantage over the other Biological and Mechanical analogies. Both of these analogies can help in comprehending the nature of structure and function, but neither of them give any explanation about the emotional side of the architectural designs. The unique advantage of the

Using Music Therapy in the Treatment of Stress and Anxiety...

One of the largest mental health issues that people face is stress and the anxiety that it can cause. It can also be the trigger for many of the physical health ailments that are experienced on a daily basis. Typically a normal response to situations that may be harmful, anxiety helps alert people of danger. But it is when that emotional response is elevated beyond a normal level that prolonged disruption of daily life occurs. As stated in the Journal of Music Therapy, â€Å"anxiety is generally regarded a negative emotional response to situations that are appraised to be threatening† (Elliot, Polman and McGregor 2011, p. 264) (as cited in Spielberger, 1989, p. 3-17). At the cognitive level, anxiety can produce feelings of apprehension,†¦show more content†¦One technique that would fulfill the recommended criteria is music listening. Music therapy is a practice that can help therapists with their patients. In order to optimally meet their clients needs, music the rapists seek ongoing clinical and educational training to add depth and breadth to their clinical skills (Ghetti, 2011). The Canadian Journal of Music Therapy pointed out that â€Å"the body of scientific research builds to support the effect of the mind on the body, the use of music therapy as complementary medicine is becoming more widespread (Mohammadi,Shahabi ,and Panah , 2011, p. 59) (as cited in Hanser,2002). Using music as a treatment to treat stress and anxiety, seems to be an excellent option for those seeking a medicine free therapy to find relief and calmness. Recently, music therapy has been applied to children who have severe emotional disturbances, high degrees of impulsivity and limited ability to self-regulate (Layman, Hussey, Laing, 2002). These emotional disturbances can lead the affected child to feel higher levels of stress and anxiety. Research has found that early trauma affects the developing nervous system, causing chronic states of over-arousal in traum atized children. Music is an ideal way to assist these children to self-regulate and soothe as it creates a middle ground between over-arousal and numbnessShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music And Music Therapy On Mental Health1540 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Music and Music Therapy on Mental Health A Review of Studies Done â€Å"The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as ‘an established health profession in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals’† (Barnett Shale, 2013, p.48). Music Therapy (MT) is shown to be able to help people with many different kinds of mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and minorRead MoreThe American Music Therapy Association1529 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) defines music therapy as ‘an established health profession in which music is used within a therapeutic relationship to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs of individuals’† (Barnett Shale, 2013, p.48). Music Therapy (MT) is shown to be able to help people with many different kinds of mental health problems such as anxiety, stress, and minor cases of depression. There have been many studies done showing that MT is an effectiveRead MoreTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness900 Words   |  4 PagesTheory of Music and its Effects on Health and Wellness Chronic diseases are a problem for the mind and body. Not only are chronic diseases harmful to the body, they take a toll on a person’s psychological wellbeing. Depression, anxiety, and stress are the most common problems associated with chronic diseases. They are harmful to the body and inhibit recovery. However, the theory of music has been proven to decrease stress, depression, and contribute to improved health. Patients with chronic diseasesRead MoreMusic Therapy Association ( 2013 )1555 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican music therapy association (2013) defined as a clinical and evidence-based use of music interventions to help individuals archive their goals between a therapeutic relationship by a credentialed professional who has completed an approved music therapy program. Music therapy is an upcoming health profession. It involves the use of sound wave that penetrate through the soul and mind to heal, repair and improve the overall emotional well-being. It can be by playi ng a music instrument, singingRead MoreMusic Therapy For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1587 Words   |  7 PagesTraumatic experiences can cause sever anxiety and affective disorders in those that are affected. PTSD, or Post-traumatic stress disorder is such a disorder. This disorder is characterized by over sensitized arousal, hyper-vigilance, or exaggerated startle response. (Clark, 1997, pp. 27) This disorder can create problems with feeling and expressing normal emotions, and controlling anger and anxiety. Music therapy can help those affected with PTSD and other anxiety disorders by helping them to createRead MoreMusic Therapy On Quality Of Life1549 Words   |  7 Pagesliterature review, I posed two research questions. Firstly, does Music Therapy in general improve perceived quality of life? And secondly, does evidence exist that rhythm related interventions are successful in improving health and perceived quality of life? Upon investigating whether Music Therapy generally improves perceived quality of life, I found five studies that clearly affirm that it does. In â€Å"Effects of Live Music Therapy Sessions on Quality of Life Indicators, Medications AdministeredRead MoreMusic Therapy : An Alternative Choice For Therapy1430 Words   |  6 PagesMusic therapy was once used as an alternative choice for therapy, but as we grow in time, music therapy is being used more and more. Music therapy is used for all kinds of illnesses from brain damage to autism to stress management. As research shows, music therapy causes the release of endorphins in the brain. When someone listens to music that works to calm them or make them happier. Every day, music therapy is becoming even more popular no matter where it is practiced (the Intensive Care UnitsRead MoreEffect Of Stress On The Human Body1577 Words   |  7 PagesStress can be defined as a state in which the normal dynamic equilibrium of the complex attribut es that maintain life are challenged, threatened or an individual feels that such equilibrium is threatened. The aspects that threaten this equilibrium within ones brain are called stressors and individuals struggle to restore the normal state by coming up with physiological and behavioral responses to that effect (Thoma, La Marca, Brà ¶nnimann, Finkel, Ehlert, Nater, 2013). Within the human body, thereRead MoreMusic Therapy: What Are the Benefits?1193 Words   |  5 Pageswork together every day in order to find alternative treatment methods. One such alternative is music therapy. Music therapy is used address health issues regarding their physical and emotional health. The therapist meets with a patient to learn about their strengths and weaknesses before creating a customized treatment plan. Some methods of treatment include singing, playing with instruments and listening to music. These methods of treatment in turn help the patients learn different skills thatRead MoreA Study on the Affect of Music on Patients1666 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy on how music intervention or therapy lessens pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients through a fifteen-minute procedure. The purpose of the research was to examine the impact of music therapy and intervention on lessening pre-radiotherapy anxiety in these patients. The researchers carried out their study because of the tendency by oncology patients to react to radiation treatment with anxiety that is expressed in different forms such as frustration, fear, depression, and stress. Based on

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Free Essays

There are a heterogeneous group of degenerative diseases that involve destruction of the large motor neurons of the brain. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is one. The motor effects of this disease can be devastating. We will write a custom essay sample on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usual course is a progression to death within 3 to 4 years. In the United Kingdom, ALS is often known as motor neuron disease. ALS is a progressive neuromuscular disease that weakens and eventually destroys motor neurons that connect the brain with the skeletal muscles. NIEHS grantee Serge Przedborski of Columbia University has pioneered the investigation of the molecular mechanisms leading to the death of neurons that occurs in ALS and Parkinson disease. ALS, the most common adult-onset paralytic disease, is most commonly diagnosed in middle age, and affects men more often than women. Patients gradually lose the ability to speak, swallow, and move voluntarily. Sensory function and intellectual ability are unaffected, and death usually results from loss of respiratory function. The disease affects all racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic groups, and the life expectancy of ALS patients is usually three to five years after diagnosis. ALS results in progressive damage to the pyramidal motor system. There is a degeneration of both the upper and lower motor neurons leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and losts of function. In most cases there is no loss of sensation, and intellect and sphincter control are preserved. The damage is typically bilateral, and although usually rapid in progression, the disease may on occasion proceed slowly, or stabilize after a period of progression. The reported incidence is about 0. 4 to 1. 8/100,000 (Tandan Bradley, 1986) and prevalence estimates range from 4 to 7/100,000. The mean age of onset lies between 55 and 60 and the disease is more common in males than females (2:1; Hudson, 1981). Death is usually preceded by progressive respiratory failure. The cause of ALS is unknown. In about 5% to 10% of cases the disease is familial; in most of these cases the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease also occurs amongst the Chamorros on the island of Guam at a much higher rate than elsewhere, suggesting an environmental toxin can cause the disease (Rowland, 1987). However, the majority of cases arise sporadically. Cognitive Deficits Clinicians working with ALS patients generally conclude that the disease does not cause dementia. Although there are cases of ALS where dementia does present, this can be attributed to the concurrent effects of DAT (Caroscio, 1986). Testing ALS patients with intellectual scales has produced mixed results. Poloni, Capitani, Mazzini, and Ceroni (1986) found no difference on the WAIS between 21 ALS subjects and 21 comparison subjects with nondementing neurological conditions. In two other studies (Gallassi, Montagna, Ciardulli, Lorusso, Mussuto, Stracciari, 1985; Iwaski, Kinoshita, Ikeda, Takamiya, Shiojima, 1990) intellectual deterioration in ALS patients was found when the test results were compared to those of healthy controls. It remains to be determined whether these cognitive changes occurred as a result of ALS, or whether the differences were due to the nonspecific effects of hospitalization and treatment. ALS is not generally regarded as a dementing disorder. Psychosocial Consequences The individual with ALS faces major problems in communication because of dysarthria, a reduction in mobility, pain from muscle atrophy, and the knowledge that the disease will progress to incapacity and death. Motor dysfunctions occur in the absence of cognitive decline and so patients retain the capacity for awareness of their disabilities. The nature of the disorder is likely to provoke an emotional response. The onset of the disease provides an illustration of the working of psychosocial stress model outlined in the next chapter. Although ALS patients confront the disorder with courage (B. S. Gould, 1980), the debilitation caused by the disease challenges the capacity to adjust in even the most resolute individual. Luloff (1986) describes the demands and emotional sequelae of the disease as follows: Loss of resources — physical, psychological, social, and economic — evokes grief and depression. As the patient anticipates experiences or experiences failures in mastering problems and challenges of everyday life, he develops feelings of helplessness†¦. Helplessness and failure, real or anticipated, lead to decrease of self-esteem, sense of worth, dignity and confidence. Anger becomes mixed with fear and accentuated by limitations in ability to master everyday problems, in achieving relief from tension, and in providing oneself with gratifying experiences. Anger is often directed against oneself for being damaged, helpless, and worthless, and a failure. . . . Anger is also directed against other persons, and at natural processes which appear to be increasingly harsh and threatening as the individual becomes progressively impaired and weaker. (p. 268) Although anecdotal reports of depressive and emotional reactions are common in the literature, few studies have examined emotionality in ALS systematically. Houpt, B. S. Gould, and Norris (1977) found that the incidence of depression in ALS was comparable to that in cancer patients. About 65% of the ALS patients scored in the nil-mild range on the BDI, 32. 5% were moderately depressed, and 2. 5% were severely depressed. Other reactions to ALS have been cited in clinical reports including denial (Tandan Bradley, 1985), guilt (Luloff, 1986), and diminished self-esteem (Ringel, 1987). Emotional lability and inappropriateness have also been reported on occasion (Gallagher, 1989). These symptoms have been attributed to damage to brainstem nuclei. Controlled investigations of psychiatric symptoms suggest these are not a consequence of ALS (Houpt et al. , 1977; Peters, Wedell, Mulder, 1977). Families and caregivers are likely also to feel distressed by the onset and progress of the disease. The physical deficits reduce the patient’s mobility and communication, leading to greater dependence on the family for emotional and functional support. The demands involved in caring for the ALS sufferer at home can result in the caregiver feeling alone, housebound, and unappreciated. Financial concerns and preexisting family conflict may accentuate these problems (Ringel, 1987). For spousal caregivers there are many changes in role to be contemplated. Finally it is important to recognize that many people with ALS adapt to their illness in a creative, positive, and stoical manner. In an insightful commentary, B. S. Gould (1980) described how many ALS patients project a positive aspect to the people around them. Although this may mask a deeper and realistic concern or fear, the use of some degree of denial may represent an adaptive response to the disease. In his view, the role of the counselor may be to provide a supportive environment in which this despair may be acknowledged: The ALS patients in our series frequently maintained a strategy of partial denial throughout their illness, but in a most healthy fashion. Reality was not denied as much as redefined; the most distressing immutable aspects of the disease were not part of ordinary conscious functioning, and hope was maintained. Under safe conditions that allowed reflection and ventilation, however, the second-order denial was easily overridden; distressing awareness was allowed to enter the consciousness in a controlled fashion, and considerable dysphoric tension was discharged. Treatment Highlights In view of the fact that by far there is no treatment for ALS and there is no known cure. Current theraphy consists of a daily dose of an experimental drug. For this reason, it is still best to count on the available resources for the treatment of ALS. The drug myotrophin will be injected twice a day, alternating left abdomen, right abdomen, left thigh, right thigh to reduce scarring, as well as regular visits from occupational and physical therapists. Neither drug is really thought to do much, but they are all there is right now. The physical therapy controls the rate of atrophy and minimizes edema in the extremities. It is also helpful to ingest huge amounts of vitamins. Three thousand milligrams a day of vitamin C and 800 milligrams of vitamin E, both of which are thought to be especially important in protecting the outer nerve cell sheath. Sublingual B12, antioxidants, CoQ10 and other dietary supplements are also thought to slow the disease’s progression. Ventilation is Still on Top From the patients’ perspectives, there are certain issues on the use of mechanical ventilation for the treatment of ALS. These may include the examination of the process of and factors involved in decision making by people severely disabled by the disease by the time they face the choice of whether to use the support of mechanical ventilation. Moreover, issues that should also be addressed will include patients’ impact on family, the decision as related to level of disability, and the ventilation availability through a nasal mask. Research format will include several general questions along with a demographic information questionnaire. These general questions will focus on obtaining information about the process of the participant in their consideration of the use of mechanical ventilation, their current decision on the use of mechanical ventilation, the influence of others, and their decision’s commitment. Interviews will also be utilized for the participants so that they will be rated according to their function in the areas of speech, swallowing, lower and upper extremities with the use of ALS Severity Scale as designed by Hillel et al. (1989). The scale allows for rapid, ordinal measurement of the aforementioned areas. Each symptomatic area is rated from 1 to 10, with 10 indicating normal functioning and 1 reflecting the most severe disablement. A total score of 40 would denote normal functioning in all four areas. Since several participants were unaware of available ventilatory options, the physician on the research team individually met with the participants who had not already gained knowledge concerning ventilatory methods. During these meetings, the physician imparted basic information on the following: the disease process that leads to respiratory insufficiency, simple measures such as positioning in alleviating respiratory distress, the capability to discontinue use of assisted ventilation, availability of palliative measures in end-stage ALS, care needs of people with the use of mechanical ventilation (such as suctioning of excess secretions; management of the ventilator itself, including arrangement for regular maintenance; and possible necessity of a caregiver 24 hours a day), and types of mechanical ventilation. The two basic methods of mechanical ventilation are a nasal mask and a tracheostomy. A tracheostomy is a surgical opening into the trachea to which a ventilator hose is connected. The nasal mask method is noninvasive and involves wearing a plastic mask apparatus over the nose, held in place by a strap around the back of the head. The mask can be awkward and uncomfortable and may slip out of place at night. Limitations In view of the reason that only a limited time was allowed for completion of the work, fiscal and temporal constraints were in effect, thus limiting the size of the subject sample. The principal author was also the clinical social worker for the participants. The principal author’s familiarity with the participants may have influenced the selection process and the responses of the participants. Patients who had no means of communication were not approached to take part in the study. Participant population was unequally distributed by gender, as there were 11 men and two women, and by race, as all were white. All participants had a comparable baseline knowledge of ventilatory methods. Four participants were atypical of classical ALS in that they had been diagnosed as having the disease for between nine and 23 years. A significant portion of the interviews with those participants already using mechanical ventilation was retrospective and based on recall. Not all participants answered all questions, and not all questions were applicable to all participants. Results may not be replicable with a different or larger sample. Conclusions Both past and present researches have failed on their quest for the cure or treatment of ALS. While this is apparently true, there are nevertheless several treatments that are found to be promising and responsive to patients. Individually, a specific approach may not be effective enough for treating ALS but a collaboration and combination of all known and practiced treatments is proved to be helpful. By now, this is the least that we can do for treating ALS while attempts are made in finding a cure for this certain incurable disease. References Caroscio J. (Ed. ). (1986). Amyotraphic lateral sclerosis: A guide to patient care. New York: Thieme. Gallagher J. P. (1989). Pathologic laughter and crying in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A search for their origin. Acia Neurologica Scandinavica. 80, 114-117. Gallassi R. , Montagna P. , Ciardulli C. , Lorusso S. , Mussuto V. , Stracciari A. (1985). Cognitive impairment in motor neuron disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 71, 480-484. Gould, B. S. (1980). Psychiatric aspects. In D. W. Mulder (Ed. ), The diagnosis and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (pp. 157-168). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. Hillel, A. D. , Miller, R. M. , Yorkston, K. , McDonald, E. , Norris, E H. , Konikow, N. (1989). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Severity Scale. Neuroepidemiology. 8, 142-150. Houpt J. L. , Gould B. S. , Norris F. H. (1977). â€Å"Psychological characteristics of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis†. Psychosomatic Medicine. 39, 299-303. Hudson A. J. (1981). â€Å"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its association with dementia, Parkinsonism, and other neurological disorders: A review†. Brain. 104, 217-247. Iwasaki Y. , Kinoshita M. , Ikeda K. , Takamiya K. , Shiojima Y. (1990). â€Å"Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its relation to motor disabilities†. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 81, 141-143. Luloff P. B. (1986). â€Å"Reactions of patients, family, and staff in dealing with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis†. In J. Caroscio (Ed. ), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A guide to patient care (pp. 266-271). New York: Thieme Publishers. Peters P. K. , Wedell M. S. , Mulder P. W. (1977). â€Å"Is there a characteristic personality profile in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis? † Archives of Neurology. 35, 321-322. Poloni M. , Capitani E. Mazzini L. , Ceroni M. (1986). â€Å"Neuropsychological meas ures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and their relationship with CT-scan assessed cerebral atrophy†. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 74, 257-260. Ringel S. P. (1987). Neuromuscular disorders. New York: Raven. Rowland L. P. (1987). â€Å"Motor neuron diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Research progress†. Trends in Neurosciences. 10, 393-397. Tandan R. , Bradley W. G. (1985). â€Å"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Part 1. Clinical features, pathology, and ethical issues in management†. Annals of Neurology. 18, 271-280 How to cite Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Papers